Articles

What is FOV?

FOV stands for Floater Only Vitrectomy.  In my experience, this is the common name of the basic operation performed by a retina specialist called vitrectomy.

Vitrectomy and FOV, therefore, are synonyms.  Vitrectomy is the standard operation performed by all retina specialists (for all reasons) whereas FOV refers to a vitrectomy performed for the removal of only (just) floaters.

Vitrectomy

Vitrectomy is the operation to remove the vitreous.  The vitreous is the gel-like substance that fills the back of the eye.  

The vitreous may be removed;

  • To remove a vitreous hemorrhage (blood)
  • Remove a foreign body
  • Repair
    • Retinal detachment
    • Macular hole
    • Epiretinal membrane
  • Remove floaters

Types of FOV or Vitrectomy

All modern types of FOV are basically the same.  They involve the creation of 3 holes in the eye:

  1. Left hand
  2. Right hand
  3. Infusion port to keep the eye filled with saline during the operation

There are slight changes in nomenclature to distinguish the size or thickness of the instruments used to enter the eye.  The size of the sclerotomies (holes) the instruments create naturally vary in size.  The thicker instruments create large holes and vice versa.  20 gauge instruments are the thickest and require sutures to close the sclerotomies.  23 and 25 gauge instrumentation create tinier sclerotomies and suture closure is up to the discretion of the retina specialist.

What Replaces the Vitreous?

The vitreous is cut away rapidly in very tiny miniscule pieces and is replaced by artificial saline solution.  As the operation is proceeding, a tube is constantly infusing saline into the eye.  After the operation is complete, your eye replaces the saline with aqueous humor in a matter of a couple days.

How is FOV Different than Vitrectomy

It’s not.  It’s exactly the same.  After the vitreous is removed, the operation is essentially over.  FOV for floaters is exactly the same as FOV for vitreous hemorrhage – the goal of both is to simply clear opacities from the vitreous to create a clear path for vision.

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

What are Eye Floaters?

Vitreous floaters, eye floaters or just floaters can be annoying or a dangerous threat to your vision.

Eye floaters, or vitreous opacities, are common but not always benign. They also affect us all differently, from a mere annoyance to visually impressive.

Floaters are the common name for dark specks or spots which move to and fro in your vision.  They move with eye movement in your field of vision.  They may or may not be associated with clumps or strands of protein floating in your vitreous. These clumps or strands may represent “cob-webs” also seen in your vision.

There are many causes of floaters.

What is the Vitreous?

The vitreous is the substance that fills the vitreous cavity.  The vitreous cavity, or posterior chamber, is the largest compartment of the eye and is located between the lens and the retina.  The retina is the inside lining of the eye. 

Normally, the vitreous is optically clear, color-less and has the consistency of a gel.  The vitreous is composed mostly of water, but has about 5% protein. 

The vitreous is essential for normal embryologic development of the eye.  Once we are born, we are not sure of any true functions of the vitreous although many believe it is essential in oxygenation of the tissues of eye, such as the lens.

The vitreous may absorb energy.  For instance when you are engaged in sports, running, or suffer a head injury, the vitreous may be absorbing shock waves.  This is unproven.

What are floaters?

The vitreous is never regenerated.  While the fluid component does renew (aqueous humor), the proteins do not.  With time and normal aging, the proteins can denature or breakdown and the vitreous becomes more water-like.  

The thinner, more fluid, vitreous means that the vitreous changes from a thicker gel to a more watery substance.  The proteins can more easily coalesce and clump together casting shadows on the retina…more commonly known as floaters. 

Floaters can also be a result of retinal disease, blood or inflammation.  Floaters from any cause are indistinguishable from one another (i.e. you can’t tell the difference between floaters due to blood vs. inflammation).  Only your eye doctor can tell the difference after a thorough dilated examination of your eye.

It is recommended that you alert your eye care professional should you ever experience a sudden increase in floaters.  New floaters could be a sign of a potentially blinding condition. 

Treatment of Floaters

In general, the best treatment for floaters is to treat the underlying disease.  Persistent floaters can be bothersome.  Removal via vitrectomy may be the only solution for clearing the floaters from your vision.

Some doctors may offer Nd:Yag laser for the treatment of floaters.  There are limitations to this type of treatment and not all retina specialists view this treatment equally. 

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

7 Reasons You Need a Retina Specialist

A retina specialist has undergone expert training to deal with diseases and surgery of the retina and vitreous such as these disorders or situations.

A retina specialist is an ophthalmologist who has extra-training in diseases and surgery of the retina. Additional training years are required to focus attention in this special area.

Here are 7 more common reasons why you may be referred to a retina specialist.

Retinal Tear, Retinal Detachment, Retina Specialist

Retinal tears can cause a retinal detachment. Retinal tears may be asymptomatic, but often are associated with the sudden onset of new floaters or flashes usually due to a posterior vitreous detachment.

While most new floaters and flashes are NOT associated with a retinal tear, the only way to make sure you are not at risk for developing a retinal detachment is have a complete dilated eye exam.

Retinal tears can be treated with either cryotherapy or laser. Retinal detachments will often require surgery.

Foreign Body Inside the Eye

While not commonplace, intraocular foreign bodies may occur with any penetrating eye injury. Glass, metals and organic material need to be removed by performing a vitrectomy, the principal operation performed by a retina specialist.

Retina Specialist and Endophthalmitis

Endophthalmitis is infection inside the eye. This usually occurs following recent eye surgery, but can also follow penetrating eye injury.

Prompt referral to a retina specialist is paramount in preventing loss of vision from infection. Intraocular antibiotics, anti-fungals and/or vitrectomy surgery may be necessary to prevent catastrophic vision loss.

Advanced Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy can cause blurry vision and blindness. A retina specialist is adept at treating the two most common causes of vision loss from diabetes: diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Common treatments used by retina specialists include: anti-VEFG injections, steroids, laser and surgery. In most scenarios, these are procedures only offered by a retina specialist.

Macular Degeneration

Macular degeneration (AMD) comes in two forms: dry AMD and wet AMD. The “wet” form is also called neovascular AMD (nAMD).

Both types of macular degeneration affect both eyes and are progressive, but the wet form can steal vision quickly, is associated with leaky abnormal blood vessels and bleeding. Treatment usually involves intravitreal injections of anit-VEGF.

There is presently no treatment for dry macular degeneration approved by the FDA.

Retinal Vascular Occlusions

Periodically the retinal vessels can become occluded or blocked. Both arteries and veins can be blocked retinal vascular occlusions. Vision loss is usually sudden and treatments may be required in an attempt to improve vision and/or to prevent total blindness from complications of the vascular occlusions.

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

Dislocated Intraocular Lens

A dislocated intraocular lens is very similar to a dislocated crystalline (natural) lens. The only difference is that the intraocular lens has been inserted during previous cataract surgery.

Cataract surgery is a low-risk surgery and has a success rate of about 95%. But like all surgeries there can be complications, especially if you have other eye or health issues.  

One of those complications is a dislocated intraocular lens (IOL). This is a rare complication and occurs in less than 3% of cases, but it may require additional surgery to repair.

What causes a Dislocated?

Sometimes the dislocation happens shortly after cataract surgery because the zonules, a ring of tiny thread-like fibers that support and hold the lens capsule in place, fail or break. The zonules are made of a connective tissue protein. People who have a connective tissue disorder are more likely to have this complication, and it can also occur in patients who have a history of previous eye surgeries, trauma to the eye, or who take prostate medication.

Other times the IOL dislocation happens gradually over time when the zonules slowly weaken and don’t adequately support the lens capsule and this causes the lens to shift away from the center of the pupil. This happens more often in patients with a history of eye trauma, multiple eye surgeries, especially retinal detachment repair, and complicated original cataract surgery.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of a dislocated IOL is blurry vision. The degree of blurriness depends on how dislocated the IOL is. If the IOL is only slightly dislocated then vision may still be clear, but ghost images or a double image at night may occur when light passes through the edge of the dislocated lens.

Treatments

Treatment depends on the severity of the dislocation. Some dislocations very minor and vision is still good. In these cases, no treatment is necessary.  

If the lens is completely off center and vision is very blurry, then only surgery will correct it. In some cases, the original implanted IOL can be repositioned and secured in place. In other cases when the zonules are extremely weak or damaged, a new IOL designed to be sutured to the wall of the eye (sclera) or to the iris is used.

If the lens has fallen into the vitreous cavity, then a retinal surgeon will need to perform a vitrectomy to remove the vitreous jelly inside the eye and retrieve the dislocated intraocular lens.  

Prognosis

Most patients who have IOL repositioning or IOL replacement have vision of 20/40 or better after surgery. The outcome depends on your health and if you have other eye issues, such as macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.  

Recovery for IOL replacement is similar to the recovery time for cataract surgery. The medications are the same and most patients can resume normal activities the day after surgery.

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

4 Week Dosing Beovu Study was Halted

Company halts a new BEOVU study, a drug for wet macular degeneration, as increased inflammation is noted.

A Beovu study was halted recently.

In a May 28, 2021 press release, Novartis Pharmaceuticals halted an ongoing trial of BEOVU (brolucizumab) for the treatment of wet macular degeneration. About 1 year ago, there were concerns over Beovu and potential complications.

BEOVU, an anti-VEGF drug, is FDA approved for the treatment of wet macular degeneration and is delivered via intraocular injection. The approval also allows for the drug to be repeated as often as every 8 weeks. The trial was to determine if Beovu could be administered every 4 weeks instead of 8. Most of the other anti-VEGF medications can be given every 4 weeks.

Other anti-VEGF medications include:

  • Lucentis (ranibizumab)
  • Avastin (bevacizumab)
  • Eylea (aflibercept)

All are given by intraocular injection and are powerful weapons for the treatment of macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinal vascular occlusions.

Why Study was Halted

This was originally a 2 year study where patients were treated every 4 weeks with Beovu. Great clinical studies are so-called “double blinded”, that is, neither patient nor treating physician knows what drugs are being delivered. This prevents bias in the study.

The results of the first year of the study were recently released which showed, when dosed at a higher frequency (4 weeks), an increase in the incidence of intraocular inflammation when compared to other studies.

The Beovu study was halted in the interests of patient safety. While most intraocular inflammation is well tolerated, that is, there is no long term sequalae, this conservative approach may save vision in many patients involved in the study as some patients may have permanently lost some vision.

This does not mean Beovu is not a good drug, it just means that studies indicate that the drug may have some toxicity if used too often. In the case of Beovu for macular degeneration, use every 4 weeks may be too often.

Presently the FDA has approved the drug to be used no more often than every 8 weeks.

Beovu Potential

Several studies have found that Beovu, when given only every 8 weeks, is a very potent and effective drug for wet macular degeneration, particularly in those patients where other drugs were unable to control the disease.

Ongoing clinical trials are testing the effectiveness of Beovu for treating diabetic macular edema (DME), a complication of diabetic retinopathy. Other anti-VEGF medications are also approved for the treatment of DME.

Retina specialists vary in their preference of anti-VEGF medications for certain conditions. Patient response to a particular medication often varies, for instance, consider the use of Tylenol, aspirin and ibuprofen. Though all can be used for pain relief, most of us find that one works better for us than the others.

It is very likely that Beovu will find it’s place in treating hard to treat patients with wet macular degeneration.

Stay tuned.

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

Dislocation of the Natural Lens

The fancy term for diplacement of your natural lens in the eye is called ectopia lentis…here’s when it happens.

Your natural lens can become displaced from it’s natural anatomic position within the eye. Intraocular lenses can also become displaced, but this article is limited to dislocation of the natural crystalline lens.

Ectopia lentis is the medical term for the dislocation or displacement of the eye’s natural crystalline lens. The lens may be free-floating in the vitreous or it may be in the anterior chamber or directly on the retina.

This dislocation most commonly occurs after trauma to the eye. It can also be caused by a systemic disease, such as Marfan syndrome. Trauma is the most common cause and most often the result of a direct blow to the eye such as from a baseball or golf ball.

Some rare and inherited genetic diseases can cause ectopia lentis:

  • Weill-Marchesani syndrome
  • Sulfite oxidase deficiency
  • Hyperlysinemia
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • Sturge-Weber syndrome
  • Mandibulofacial dysostosis
  • Wildervanck syndrome
  • Conradi syndrome
  • Pfaundler syndrome
  • Crouzon syndrome
  • Pierre Robin syndrome
  • Sprengel deformity

Symptoms of Lens Dislocation

The most significant symptom of ectopia lentis is reduced visual acuity such as poor near or distant vision. The degree of reduction in visual acuity varies with the degree of lens dislocation and the type of dislocation.

If the zonules in the eye are disrupted it can lead to increased curvature of the lens and may result in lenticular myopia or astigmatism. The zonules are tiny thread-like fibers that hold the eye’s lens firmly in place and also tighten the pull the lens to accommodate near vision.

Treatment

Treatment of ectopia lentis depends on where and how far the lens has moved and any resulting complications. In some cases, in which the dislocation is minimal and there is no significant impact on vision observation and close follow-up are the only treatments necessary.

In cases in which vision is affected or there is damage to surrounding structures, surgery may be necessary. The dislocated lens is removed, and an artificial lens is put into place. If there is not enough structural support for the artificial lens then it may need to be sutured to the iris or sclera.

Prognosis

Multiple surgical techniques are available for correction of ectopia lentis and each has its own limitations and associated complications. In some cases, an implanted artificial lens is used, and other patients are treated by removal of the lens and a vitrectomy to remove the vitreous humor and then they use special contact lenses.  

If the lens dislocated due to a genetic disease then the underlying disease must also be treated.

Most patients with ectopia lentis do well and at least 85% achieve a 20/40 or better visual acuity. However, if there is a pre-existing condition such as a corneal disease, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, or a history of retinal detachment, the outcome will not be as favorable.

Close follow-up is essential as is medical management of any complications that may arise. 

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

Vitrectomy for Retinal Detachment Repair

This is the most common way to repair most retinal detachments and has faster healing times.

Vitrectomy for retinal detachment repair is an alternative method to scleral buckle or pneumatic retinopexy.

A vitrectomy is a common surgical repair for a detached retina. The surgery removes the vitreous gel from the eye, pushes the detached retina back into place, and seals any retinal tears in the retina. Then gas is injected into the eye to help keep the retina in place and prevent any fluid from leaking from the repaired tears and into the subretinal space.

The Surgery

A vitrectomy is usually performed using local anesthetic. A heavy sedative is administered and then Lidocaine is injected around the eye to numb it. If patients prefer not to be awake during the procedure they can be given intravenous sedation or a general anesthesia.

The surgery consists of making three small needle-sized incisions (about the width of an eyelash) into the white part of the eye (sclera). Through one incision a constant flow of fluid is passed into the eye. The second incision is used to insert a fiber-optic light to provide illumination of the eye, and the third is for any instruments that are used, including a “vitrector” for the removal of the vitreous.

A vitrector is an oscillating microscopic cutter that slowly removes the vitreous. Once the vitreous is removed, a freezing instrument or a laser is used to seal any tears in the retina.

The vitreous will be replaced with a gas. In time the gas will dissipate and be replaced by the eye’s own fluids (aqueous humor). The vitreous gel does not grow back, but the eye can function with just the fluid that replaces the vitreous. Depending on the type of gas used and its concentration, it can take from three to ten weeks to fully dissipate.

Most retina specialists will perform vitrectomy for retinal detachment repair in an outpatient setting. The surgery time ranges from 20 to 40 minutes, but varies greatly.

Head positioning

Head positioning after surgery is necessary to keep the gas bubble in the proper place. If the retina detached at the bottom, the only way to get the bubble to press against the place of detachment is to place the head down. The bubble walls off the damaged area while it heals and prevents any fluid from flowing through the damaged area of the retina and into the subretinal space.

The gas bubble wiur vision while it is in place, but as it dissipates a line will form across your vision where the newly forming fluid (aqueous humor) is gradually replacing the bubble. The line will move lower each day and the field of vision will get larger.

If you have to position your head down there are pillows, chairs, and mirrors that allow you to see around the room while in a face-down position.

Gas bubble precautions

As long as the gas bubble remains in your eye, you must not fly in an aircraft. The reduced pressure in the cabin will cause the gas bubble to expand. This would be extremely painful and could lead to loss of sight. If you must have general anesthesia for any surgical procedure while the gas bubble is in your eye, you must inform your anesthesiologist so you will not be given nitrous oxide, which would cause a dangerous rise in eye pressure in the eye with the gas bubble.

Safety

Vitrectomy surgery was first developed in 1970 and since then many improvements in instrumentation and technique have dramatically improved the safety of the procedure. Severe complications are rare and the surgical success rate is over 90%.  

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Port Delivery System | Lucentis Reservoir

The Portable Delivery System may reduce the need for repeated injections of Lucentis

Roche Pharmaceutical is testing the Port Delivery System (PDS), a system which may reduce treatment burden by reducing the number of injections of Lucentis used to treat wet macular degeneration.

Ranibizumab (Lucentis) is a valuable FDA approved tool for the retina specialist to treat wet macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, diabaetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions and myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV).  

Ranibuzumab is an anti-VEGF medication that is delivered only by intravitreal injection.  Injections often need to be repeated at least monthly for an indefinite period. 

Treatment Burden

Scheduling repeated medical appointments for these injections can be a burden to many patients.  The injections might be uncomfortable (usually not), may require scheduling a companion for transportation and possible complications are possible with each injection. 

The Port Delivery System has been designed to address the issues of treatment burden to include extending time in between treatments, I.e. fewer injections and scheduled appointments. 

How it works

Initially, a tiny reservoir, about the size of a grain of rice, is surgically fixated to an area inside the eye called the pars plana.  The reservoir serves as a refillable source of ranibizumab (Lucentis) and will release the drug slowly over several months.  When empty, the reservoir can be refilled without its removal.  The technique will require a special needle and can be completed in the office.  It does not require actual surgery. 

Port Delivery System

The system is under FDA investigation (Archway phase 3 clinical trial) and is not approved for clinical use.  Most recently, early Phase 3 data from the Archway study indicate the Port Delivery System is comparable in effect to patients receiving monthly intravitreal injections of ranbizumab (Lucentis).  The Port Delivery System is refilled every 24 weeks. 

Sustained release and slow-release systems may solve the treatment burden for patients requiring repeated injections of anti-VEGF medications such as Lucentis.  In addition, investigations are ongoing to find drugs that have an extended treatment period, sustained release medications all to reduce treatment burden, but achieve comparable or superior results. 

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

What is Scleral Buckle Eye Surgery

Scleral buckle eye surgery has been around for generations and is still a mainstay of retinal detachment surgery.

Scleral buckle eye surgery to repair a retinal detachment has been in use since the early 1950s and it remains an essential technique for reattaching the retina.

The scleral buckle, which is usually made of silicone semi-hard plastic, supports the retina from outside the eye. It is placed under the eye muscles and usually encircles the sclera or white part of the eye and eliminates the tugging that is detaching the retina. 

The buckle is placed behind the eyelids and cannot be seen. It is sewn to the sclera (the actual white part of the eye) and it presses the walls of the eye inward, taking pressure off the retina and allowing it to reattach to the eye’s interior wall. The buckle usually remains in place permanently.

Scleral buckling is sometimes a stand-alone treatment for the repair of a retinal detachment and sometimes it is used in combination with a vitrectomy.

A laser or a sub-zero probe (cryopexy) may also be used to seal off the areas of the retina that were torn to prevent further fluid leakage and pressure on the retina.

Side effects of a scleral buckle

The possible complications or side effects of scleral buckling surgery include:

  • Increased myopia (nearsightedness) caused by the increased length of the eye when it is buckled
  • Increase in astigmatism also caused by the buckle changing the eye’s shape
  • Double vision is uncommon but can occur because the eye’s muscles were manipulated when placing the buckle under the eye muscles.
  • Pain after the procedure which can usually be controlled with acetaminophen or ibuprofen and will subside in a few days.

 What causes retinal detachment?

The most common type of retinal detachment, that accounts for 90% of all retinal detachments,occurs when a small tear or hole appears in the retina that allows the vitreous gel of the eye to seep behind the retina where it pushed the retina away from the back of the eye. 

Tears in the retina are caused by vitreous gel, which contains millions of fibers, that becomes “sticky” and tugs at the retina making minute tears in it. Retinal holes develop in areas where the retina has thinned. Retinal holes are typically smaller than tears and have a much lower risk for causing a retinal detachment.

Recovery after scleral buckling eye surgery

The recovery time varies, but ranges from two-to-eight weeks. An eye patch may be required for a few days after surgery and antibiotic eye drops may be prescribed to prevent infection. Your eye may have redness, tenderness, and swelling for a few weeks after surgery.

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome

VMT is very similar to macular pucker and causes the same changes to your vision.

Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is a complication that arises from a normal process. That normal process is posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and it happens to everyone as they age. By about age 40 or 50 the vitreous gel that fills the eye begins to change. It begins to shrink and lose fluid and strands of the gel can drift through the eye. These strands can be seen as dark strings or spots that float around in your field of view and are called floaters.

The vitreous gel eventually completely separates from the retina. This is perfectly normal and happens to most people by the age of 70, that is, a PVD is a completely normal event.

Problems arise only if the vitreous gel is strongly attached to the retina, specifically at the macula. If that is the case then when the vitreous gel shrinks it can pull on the retina.

That sticking process is called vitreomacular traction and is very similar to an epiretinal membrane.

The pulling and tugging on the center of the retina where the macula is located can damage the macula and cause vision loss if left untreated.

In healthy eyes, VMT is not common. Certain eye conditions or diseases put people at a higher risk of developing VMT. Those conditions and diseases include:

  • High myopia which is extreme nearsightedness
  • Age-related macular degeneration which is a breakdown of the tissues in the back of the eye
  • Diabetic eye disease which affects the blood vessels in the back of the eye
  • Retinal vein occlusion which is a blockage of veins in the retina

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of VMT include:

  • Distorted vision that makes straight lines appear wavy, blurry or have blank spots
  • Seeing lots of flashes of light in your vision
  • Seeing objects as smaller than their actual size

It is important to see an ophthalmologist for an evaluation when you first notice any of these symptoms.

Diagnosis

To diagnose vitreomacular traction (VMT) your ophthalmologist will use tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) which uses light waves to take pictures of the various layers of the retina and will show any damage to the macula.

Fluorescein angiography may also be used. This is an imaging test to view how well the blood is circulating inside the retina and to find any macula swelling. It uses a medical imaging dye injected into the arm that circulates inside the retina while a special camera photographs the progress of the dye as it moves through the blood vessels in the eye.

An ultrasound scan may also be used so your ophthalmologist can get a better view of the location of the sticking point between the vitreous and the macula.

Treatment

Some cases do not require treatment and will resolve on their own, but you will be asked to monitor your vision at home with a grid of lines to make sure the VMT does not progress. If the lines on the grid begin to appear wavy or have missing areas then you will most likely require treatment.

Surgery to remove the vitreous and replace it with a saline solution may be needed to prevent macular holes, puckers or macular swelling from developing or worsening.

Some people are candidates for medication treatments. A medication that dissolves the proteins that link the vitreous to the macula can be injected into the eye. Usually only one injection is needed.

Prognosis

Most patients with VMT maintain good visual acuity in the affected eye even if treatment is required.

If you would like to schedule an appointment, please call us (877) 245.2020.

Nader Moinfar, M.D., M.P.H.
Retina Specialist
Orlando, FL

Jon Doe